France: The Directory

France was in a mess,
Crisis, poverty, problems every where,
the national convention seemed to be at rest,
Doing nothing but watching us struggle over there.

Louis XVI saw this weak link,
And called back all the royalties that fled,
Declaring the throne back in a blink,
Forming a conservative empire that french led.

Life as a third estate became rough,
Thus, a rebel we made,
Overthrowing the ones that made our lives tough,
The conservatives forever fading.

    The directory soon formed,

Ratifying a constitution of our own,
Annual elections were born,
Keeping the government as fair as we ever known.

Yet overprotection weaken the group,
Only the news of the army was easy to hear,
For the general, Napoleon, had an excellent troop,
Spreading respect and fear.

    However, the jacobins and royals planned a coup,

1796, 1797, were years of rebel from royalties,
The jacobins tied the election up in ropes,
Securing their places and loyalties

Once again, chaos swept through,
And befell on the military too,
Causing Napoleon to leave his crew,
In order to flee back to France at noon.

Now the public was mad,

Leaving the directory with no choice,
But to elect Emmanuel- Joseph Sieyes to cure the bad,
Yet he was planning a coup with the French army's voice

1799, Napoleon came to power,
Dissolving the directory that rusted all the gears,
Becoming a dictator that moved France forward.
Dominating europe for years.

Economics

Panic of 1873 Article
* New York Times
* January 4, 1874

http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30E13FF3C5F1A7493C0A9178AD85F408784F9http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdfres=F30E13FF3C5F1A7493C0A9178AD85F408784F9

[ This this is the direct link to the article]

"Aye!" goes the pirate

 Limited Democracies





http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_of_justice

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_code

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy#Pirate_democracy

Giuseppe Mazzini

The founding of La Giovine Italia (Young Italy)

Little Italy was a political movement founded in Marseille in July 1831 by Mazzini.

The purpose of the movement was to create a united Italian Republic through the promotion of a general insurrection in the Italian states and lands occupied by the Austrian Empire.

In 1833 some of the members plotted to revolt in Savoy and Piedmont; but they were arrested and executed. Again in Feburary 1834, they tried to take Savory and Piedmont, but failed. The movement dissappeared for a while, but then returned in 1838 in England followed by other European nations.

The original la Giovine Italia had then became part of a the movement, Giovine Europa (1835).

But in 1853, Mazzini's movement had finally failed after a revolt again Austria in Milan.

Giuseppe Mazzini