France: The Directory

France was in a mess,
Crisis, poverty, problems every where,
the national convention seemed to be at rest,
Doing nothing but watching us struggle over there.

Louis XVI saw this weak link,
And called back all the royalties that fled,
Declaring the throne back in a blink,
Forming a conservative empire that french led.

Life as a third estate became rough,
Thus, a rebel we made,
Overthrowing the ones that made our lives tough,
The conservatives forever fading.

    The directory soon formed,

Ratifying a constitution of our own,
Annual elections were born,
Keeping the government as fair as we ever known.

Yet overprotection weaken the group,
Only the news of the army was easy to hear,
For the general, Napoleon, had an excellent troop,
Spreading respect and fear.

    However, the jacobins and royals planned a coup,

1796, 1797, were years of rebel from royalties,
The jacobins tied the election up in ropes,
Securing their places and loyalties

Once again, chaos swept through,
And befell on the military too,
Causing Napoleon to leave his crew,
In order to flee back to France at noon.

Now the public was mad,

Leaving the directory with no choice,
But to elect Emmanuel- Joseph Sieyes to cure the bad,
Yet he was planning a coup with the French army's voice

1799, Napoleon came to power,
Dissolving the directory that rusted all the gears,
Becoming a dictator that moved France forward.
Dominating europe for years.

Economics

Panic of 1873 Article
* New York Times
* January 4, 1874

http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30E13FF3C5F1A7493C0A9178AD85F408784F9http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdfres=F30E13FF3C5F1A7493C0A9178AD85F408784F9

[ This this is the direct link to the article]

"Aye!" goes the pirate

 Limited Democracies





http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_of_justice

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_code

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy#Pirate_democracy

Giuseppe Mazzini

The founding of La Giovine Italia (Young Italy)

Little Italy was a political movement founded in Marseille in July 1831 by Mazzini.

The purpose of the movement was to create a united Italian Republic through the promotion of a general insurrection in the Italian states and lands occupied by the Austrian Empire.

In 1833 some of the members plotted to revolt in Savoy and Piedmont; but they were arrested and executed. Again in Feburary 1834, they tried to take Savory and Piedmont, but failed. The movement dissappeared for a while, but then returned in 1838 in England followed by other European nations.

The original la Giovine Italia had then became part of a the movement, Giovine Europa (1835).

But in 1853, Mazzini's movement had finally failed after a revolt again Austria in Milan.

Giuseppe Mazzini

Alfred Dreyfus

[- Miscarriage of Justice -]

At nine-o'clock on the morning of January 5. 1895, Alfred Dreyfus as accused for being a traitor when his name and handwriting was found on a covering memorandum, that was supposedly sent to the Germans. Being a Jew, he was considered a foreigner and was treated differently.
At the courtyard of Paris's Escole Militaries he was marched out to stand before a general. The general striped from Dreyfus's hat and sleeves the insifnia of rank; then the general rips of the buttons an strips from Dreyfus's trousers ;and took Dreyfu's sword and broke it in half.
During this public humiliation of 20,000 he was then sent to a commom criminal city prison. That day he wrote to his wife, and asked her to do everything in the world to find the guilty one.
Two weeks later, Dreyfus was put on a train for the port of La Rochelle. There a ship awaits for him to take him to Devil's Island off of French Guiana, where is exiled to.

Garibaldi

Expedition of the Thousand

The Expedition of the Thousand was a military campaign led by Garibaldi in 1860.
It was one of the most important steps that led to the new unification of Italy.

The expedition se said on may 5, 1860 from Quarto a district of Genoa, on two steam boats by the name of II Piemonte and II Lombardo, on their way to Sicily. the group was mainly formed by volunteers, mostly northern Italians (including women), called Mille. the ships landed of Marsal on May 11, where they met up with the British. The Lombardo was attacked and sunk while the Piemonte was captured.
On May 14, Garibaldi announced that he was going to be dictator of Sicily


At Calatafimi, the Mille won their first battle that boosted their morale.
On May 27, the laid siege on Plaermo. the battle was easily won due to the city being caught by surprise under the order of General Ferdinando.

They moved on towards that wast and began the Battle of Milazzo, on may 31. Once again, Garibaldi was successful. His pace of victories worried Cavour, who sent him a proposal if immediate annexation of Sicily to Piedmont. Garibaldi refused and was arrested and expelled from the island.
In June, 1860 Garibaldi created the Esercito Meridionale ("Southern Army"), where he cunningly sent some of his men in disguises of Neopolitan soldiers; and on July 20, he attacked with another victory.
They then landed on Calabria on August 19. He was informed not to cross the strait, but disobeyed Cavour's request.

In the Battle of Volturnus ,Garibaldi was unable to defeat the Neapolitan Army; after that he started to lose power.
Garibaldi asked the King to allow him to remain as dictator in the former Two Sicilies and have his officers be integrated in the new Italian army. Th ing refused, thus Garibaldi was sent home.
However, under the order of Francis II , they were able to hold out. But in February, 1861 he surrendered.
In March 1861, the new Kingdom of Italy was established.

Karl Marx

A founder of Social Science:

Karl Marx (may 5 ,1818 ~ march 14. 1883) was a German philosopher, political economist, historian, political theorist, sociologist, and communist revolution. He was probably best known for his ideas that played a significant role in the development of modern communism and socialism. He believes that socialism would replace capitalism, like capitalism did the feudalism; and lead to a stateless, classless society, which is called pure communism. 

For being well known for his communist philosophies, he also played an important role in Social Sciences. ALong with Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, he is known aso n of the three principle architects of modern social science. He and Auguste Comte set out to develop scientifically justified ideologies for European secularization and new developments in the philosophies of history and science. While working on the Hegelian tradition, he came to be recognized as a founder of sociology.

Otto von Bismarck

Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman 

by: A.J.P. Taylor

In Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman, A. J. P. Taylor has created a powerful biography of one of the most powerful politicians of modern times. In the process, the author also presents an excellent historical record of the rise of modern Germany and the role of Germany in European affairs during the last half of the nineteenth century. By quoting abundantly from the private papers of Otto von Bismarck, Taylor makes much of the book autobiographical.

Taylor reveals the influence of other powerful leaders, such as Oliver Cromwell in seventeenth...

{ summary found at: http://www.enotes.com/bismarck-salem/bismarck]

Book can be found online:

http://www.general-search.net/fileinfo/gs57756h60i0

Prince Klemens von Metternieh

Concert of Europe:

The Concert of Europe, also known as the Congress System (after the Congress of Vienna) was the balance of power in Europe. It remained as the balance of power since the end of the Naopleonic Wars (1815) to the outbreak of World War I. Its founding powers were Austria, Prussia, Russian Empire, and the United Kingdom [ the members of the Quadruple Alliance responsible for the downfall of the First French Empire]. Not long after, France joined in and became the fifth ember of the concert. The leaders of the concert were British foreign secretary Lord Castlereagh, Austrian chancellor Klemens on Metternich, and Russian tsar Alexander I.

The main connection is that the age of the Concert is also sometimes known as the "Age of Metternich", because of the influence of the Metternich's conservatism and the dominance of Austria within the German Confederation (European Restoration).

Napoleon Bonaparte

Extraordinary Childhood:



Napoleon's family has always been on the move, due his father, Carlo, being part of an independent movement against the Genoese ever since Napoleon was still in his mother, Letuzia's , womb.
Napoleon's father was part of the Pasquale Paoli's forces, and was made lieutenant by Paoli himself.
Napoleon was born during the Feast of the Assumption on a couch in the living room of his parent's house. He was the second oldest of eight children, and was named Napoleon after an Egyptian religious figure. He was also given the nickname, Ravulione, which means "he who meddles in everything".
Napoleon was small, pugnacious, and hot tempered. Even though short, he often was able to beat his brother when fighting. He had remained small and light-weighted throughout his life - that's until he was married to Marie-Louise of Austria.

His mother was a very religious women, and made her children attend High Mass every Sunday, and would slap them if they didn't: especially Napoleon. Some say that that's the reason he became very religious and often based his thoughts on religion.

Napoleon was known for his LARGE ego. He often follows his father to local taverns where he watched his father gamble, but was very unlucky at it. Napoleon then would report that night's "adventures" to his mother.

With a very exciting childhood, and a mother that acted...well like a mother, Napoleon turned out to be very civil. He cared ALOT about cleansiness--- bathed daily for more than and hour in the morning--- and he was very generous: liked sharing his stuff. Apart from the conquering he did, to France Napoleon was a great man and a hero!!!